Ronald Reagan: Biography, Life Story, Facts

Ronald Reagan’s biography tells the remarkable life story of a man who transitioned from a Hollywood actor to the 40th President of the United States. Known for his charisma and strong communication skills, Reagan achieved significant milestones, including the revitalization of the American economy during his presidency and helping to ease tensions with the Soviet Union, contributing to the end of the Cold War. However, his time in office also saw challenges, such as the Iran-Contra affair, which cast a shadow over his otherwise successful career.

Early Years

Ronald Wilson Reagan entered the world on February 6, 1911, in Tampico, Illinois, and was born as the younger son of Nelle Clyde Wilson and Jack Reagan. His mother was a devout member of the Disciples of Christ, actively leading prayer meetings and conducting mid-week prayers at her church. Reagan often spoke of his mother’s profound spiritual guidance throughout his life, crediting her with shaping his Christian faith.

While Reagan’s father, Jack, was primarily focused on supporting the family financially, his struggle with alcoholism often complicated these efforts. Reagan had an older brother, Neil, and together, the family moved several times, settling in places like Chicago, Galesburg, and Monmouth before finally returning to Tampico. In 1920, they made their home in Dixon, Illinois, close to the H.C. Pitney Variety Store Building.

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Ronald Reagan

Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he pursued interests in drama and football. His early work experiences included lifeguarding at the Rock River in Lowell Park. He started his college education in 1928 at Eureka College, following his mother’s wishes, given the college’s religious affiliations. Despite being an average student, Reagan was active in sports, drama, and campus politics, eventually becoming the student body president. His leadership extended into the Tau Kappa Epsilon Fraternity, where he served as local chapter president.

During his time in college, Reagan was a guard for the Eureka Red Devils football teams of 1930 and 1931. A notable incident from his college years was when two black teammates were denied service at a segregated hotel. Reagan invited his family to stay at his parents’ home in Dixon, where they were warmly welcomed, demonstrating his family’s progressive stance on racial issues. This act was reflective of the inclusive values instilled by his parents during his upbringing in Dixon, a community with few black residents and minimal exposure to racial discrimination.

Entertainment Career

Radio and Film

After graduating from Eureka College in 1932 with a degree in economics and sociology, Ronald Reagan began his career as a sports broadcaster in Davenport, Iowa, covering Big Ten Conference football games. He later joined WHO radio in Des Moines, where he developed a knack for play-by-play broadcasting of Chicago Cubs games, relying solely on basic wire reports to create vivid descriptions of the live action. Reagan was vocal about his opposition to racial discrimination throughout his broadcasting career.

In 1936, during a trip with the Cubs for their spring training in California, Reagan’s potential for acting was recognized, leading to a seven-year contract with Warner Bros. Arriving in Hollywood in 1937, he made his film debut in Love Is on the Air. Reagan adhered to a straightforward acting style and often followed directorial guidance closely, appearing in thirty films, predominantly in supporting roles, before his induction into military service in April 1942.

His breakout role came in 1940 when he portrayed George Gipp in Knute Rockne, All American. This role gave Reagan the nickname “the Gipper,” which he used during his later political campaigns.¹ His performance in Kings Row (1942) as a leg amputee, where he famously asked, “Where’s the rest of me?” is often cited as his finest.² This role significantly boosted his stardom, with Gallup polls ranking him among the top 100 stars in the early 1940s.

World War II halted Reagan’s rising movie stardom as Warner Bros. grew skeptical of his box office appeal. Unhappy with the limited range of roles he was being offered, Reagan, through his agent Lew Wasserman, negotiated a more flexible contract that allowed him to work as a freelancer with other studios like Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures, and RKO Pictures. This freedom opened opportunities for Reagan in western films, a genre previously restricted to him at Warner Bros.

Reagan parted ways with Warner Bros. in 1952, ultimately appearing in 53 films. His acting career concluded with his role in The Killers (1964), marking the end of his Hollywood journey and the beginning of his more prominent public service career.

Military Service

In April 1937, Ronald Reagan joined the United States Army Reserve, initially serving as a private in the 322nd Cavalry Regiment in Des Moines before being promoted to second lieutenant in the Officers Reserve Corps. He was later transferred to the 323rd Cavalry Regiment in California. As tensions escalated between the United States and Japan, Reagan was on the verge of active duty while filming Kings Row. His agents and Warner Bros. lawyers secured deferments to complete the film in October 1941. Nonetheless, to counter any perceptions of evading the draft, Warner Bros. released him to report for duty in April 1942.

Upon reporting, Reagan’s significant near-sightedness led to his initial assignment at Fort Mason as a liaison officer, a position from which he soon transitioned to the United States Army Air Forces (AAF) as a public relations officer. He was stationed with the 18th AAF Base Unit in Culver City, where he expressed frustrations with what he perceived as the inefficiencies and bureaucracy of the federal system. Despite these challenges, Reagan was active in the Provisional Task Force Show Unit in Burbank, continuing his involvement in the film industry by making theatrical films.

Reagan’s duties also included a temporary assignment in New York City to support the Sixth War Loan Drive. He served until the end of the war, being reassigned to Fort MacArthur, where he was discharged as a captain on December 9, 1945. Throughout his time in military service, Reagan produced over 400 training films, contributing significantly to the war effort through his specialized skills in film and communication.

Leadership in the Screen Actors Guild

Ronald Reagan stepped into the role of president of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) on March 10, 1947, following Robert Montgomery’s resignation. Several labor-management disputes marked his first term as president, the issue of the Hollywood blacklist, and the effects of the Taft-Hartley Act. During this period, Reagan collaborated with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) on April 10, providing names of actors he suspected of communist sympathies.

Reagan’s involvement with the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) included testimony where he confirmed the presence of Communist Party members within the guild, although he described some of the evidence related to the Screen Writers Guild as “hearsay.” He ended his first term as SAG president on November 10, 1952, but continued to serve on the board. Walter Pidgeon succeeded him as president.

His second term began on November 16, 1959, after he was re-elected following Howard Keel’s resignation. During this time, Reagan played a crucial role in securing residual payments for actors for films released theatrically between 1948 and 1959 and later televised. Although initial negotiations called for direct payments to actors, the agreement eventually resulted in the provision of pensions and residuals for new films made after 1959. Reagan concluded his leadership at SAG and left the board on June 7, 1960, with George Chandler taking over the presidency.

Family Life, Marriages, and Children

In January 1940, Ronald Reagan married Jane Wyman, whom he had met on the set of the film Brother Rat. The couple had two biological daughters, Maureen, born in 1941, and Christine in 1947, who tragically passed away just a day after her premature birth. They also adopted a son, Michael, in 1945. Despite their initial bond, the marriage faced challenges, mainly due to Reagan’s growing involvement in politics, which Wyman found disinteresting. This discord led to their separation, and their divorce was finalized in July 1949.

Reagan found love again with Nancy Davis, who reached out to him concerning her mistaken inclusion on a communist blocklist—a mix-up due to another actress with the same name. Reagan, then president of the Screen Actors Guild, assisted her in this matter. They married in March 1952 and had two children, Patti, born in October 1952, and Ron, born in May 1958. Reagan also has three grandchildren, keeping the family circle vibrant and close-knit.

Television Career

Ronald Reagan’s entry into television began with his role as the host of the General Electric Theater, a position recommended to him by agent Lew Wasserman. The show, known for its high production values and quality storytelling, featured numerous guest stars in three episodes, including Reagan and his wife Nancy, who used her stage name, Nancy Davis. Reagan attributed the ability to attract such notable talent to the show’s compelling stories and high production standards. Despite its initial success, the show’s viewership waned in the 1960s, leading to its cancellation in 1962. Following this, Reagan took on hosting duties for another MCA production, Death Valley Days, in 1965, further solidifying his presence in American television.

Shift from Hollywood to Politics

Ronald Reagan initially identified as a Democrat and greatly admired Franklin D. Roosevelt, considering him “a true hero.”³ His early political involvement included joining organizations like the American Veterans Committee and the Hollywood Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts, Sciences, and Professions, where he collaborated with the AFL–CIO to combat right-to-work laws. Reagan consistently used his platform to speak against racial discrimination during his time in Hollywood.

In the mid-1940s, Reagan’s activism included plans to lead an anti-nuclear rally and participation in a radio program titled Operation Terror, where he condemned the Ku Klux Klan’s resurgence in the United States. He supported Democratic candidates Harry S. Truman in the 1948 presidential race and Helen Gahagan Douglas for the U.S. Senate in 1950. However, his growing concern over communist influences in Hollywood led him to mobilize his colleagues against such ideologies.

Reagan’s political views shifted rightward in the 1950s when he supported Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and Richard Nixon in 1960. His association with General Electric, where he delivered speeches promoting free-market values, further influenced his conservative shift. Under the guidance of GE vice president Lemuel Boulware, Reagan was part of a broader effort to encourage employees to support pro-business politicians.

In 1961, Reagan publicly critiqued Medicare, claiming it threatened individual freedom in the United States. By 1962, after parting ways with GE, he formally registered as a Republican. His political transformation culminated in a defining moment during the 1964 presidential race when he delivered a speech on behalf of Barry Goldwater known as “A Time for Choosing.” This speech, which emphasized the dangers of governmental control and the importance of individual choice, significantly boosted Reagan’s standing among conservative circles and marked a successful national political debut reminiscent of William Jennings Bryan’s “Cross of Gold” address in 1896.⁴

1966 Gubernatorial Election and Victory

In January 1966, Ronald Reagan declared his candidacy for California governor, championing individual freedom and limited government values. His campaign faced early challenges, especially when he expressed opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 during a meeting with black Republicans in March. Reagan clarified that he did not support bigotry and argued that some aspects of the act compromised property rights.

Reagan’s stance became more complex following a May ruling by the Supreme Court of California, which found the repeal of the Rumford Act unconstitutional. Initially supportive of the repeal, Reagan shifted to advocating for amendments to the act. During the Republican primary, he overcame George Christopher, who was portrayed by some as a more moderate option.

In the general election, incumbent Governor Pat Brown painted Reagan as an extremist while promoting his own legislative achievements. Reagan countered by presenting himself as a political outsider, critiquing Brown’s handling of the Watts riots and his policies on crime. His campaign emphasized the need for reduced taxes, curtailed spending, and greater accountability, particularly targeting the unrest at the University of California, Berkeley.

Despite some media critiques of Reagan’s grasp of state issues, his appearance on Meet the Press in September, alongside Brown, was seen as beneficial. Ultimately, Reagan secured the governorship with a decisive 57 percent of the vote, leaving Brown with 42 percent. This election marked Reagan’s significant political ascent and highlighted his ability to navigate complex political waters and appeal to a broad voter base.

Governor of California (1967–1975)

Ronald Reagan’s governorship began with addressing California’s financial challenges, inherited from the previous administration’s liberal spending on new programs and using accrual accounting to avoid tax increases. This resulted in a substantial budget deficit. Reagan’s response included advocating for reduced state spending and proposing significant tax increases, which was met with dismay from some of his conservative supporters. Historian Kevin Starr noted that Reagan “gave Californians the biggest tax hike in their history—and got away with it.”⁵

In 1967, amid growing concerns over public safety and radical political movements, Reagan signed the Mulford Act, which banned the public carrying of loaded firearms. This law was seen as a reaction to the activities of the Black Panther Party and marked a significant shift in California’s gun control policy. That same year, Reagan also signed the Therapeutic Abortion Act, permitting abortions under certain conditions, which he later regretted due to the broad application of its mental health provision by physicians.

Reagan’s political ambitions were evident when he participated as a “favorite son” candidate in the 1968 Republican presidential primaries, intending to influence the nomination process and position himself as a potential compromise candidate. Though ultimately unsuccessful in securing the nomination, this effort displayed his growing influence within the party.

The trouble with our Liberal friends is not that they’re ignorant; it’s just that they know so much that isn’t so.

Ronald Reagan

Reagan’s governance also faced intense scrutiny during student protests in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He took a hard stance against the demonstrations at the University of California, Berkeley, declaring a state of emergency and ordering the National Guard to intervene during the People’s Park conflict, which resulted in widespread violence.

His re-election campaign in 1970 centered on welfare reform, reflecting his belief that welfare programs discouraged work. He tightened welfare eligibility with legislative leaders, aligning with federal policy changes during President Nixon’s administration.

Reagan did not seek a third term despite these controversies and challenges, leaving office in 1975. His tenure saw significant increases in both the state’s homicide and armed robbery rates despite his efforts to implement stricter sentencing laws and reform the criminal justice system. Reagan’s policies on capital punishment and family law, particularly the no-fault divorce legislation, impacted California’s legal landscape.

Reagan’s Presidential Campaigns (1975-1981)

1976 Republican Primaries

Ronald Reagan, challenging the incumbent President Gerald Ford, announced his candidacy on November 20, 1975, framing his campaign around economic, social, and, to a lesser extent, foreign affairs. Despite their mutual desire to secure an early advantage, Reagan faced initial setbacks, losing the first five primaries, including a critical one in New Hampshire. Here, he introduced the narrative of the “welfare queen,” sparking discussions on welfare reform without directly mentioning names or racial specifics.

Reagan’s campaign strategy included charged rhetoric that appealed to conservative bases, as seen in Florida, where he used phrases that played into racial stereotypes and criticized Ford’s handling of the Panama Canal negotiations. His criticisms extended to Ford’s foreign policy, particularly toward Secretary of State Henry Kissinger’s approach.

Faced with early losses, Reagan shifted focus to North Carolina, employing a grassroots approach alongside the Jesse Helms political network. This resulted in a significant victory, revitalizing his campaign and positioning him as a formidable contender against Ford. Reagan’s subsequent wins in Texas, Alabama, Georgia, and Indiana were driven by his stances on social issues, resistance to forced busing, and the decline of George Wallace’s campaign, which diverted some Democratic support.

The primary season culminated in a close delegate count, with neither candidate securing the nomination outright before the convention in Kansas City. At the convention, despite strategic maneuvers, including selecting liberal Richard Schweiker as a potential running mate, Reagan could not secure enough delegates. Ford won the nomination but later acknowledged that Reagan’s challenge had weakened his campaign, contributing to his eventual loss to Democrat Jimmy Carter. In a gesture of unity, Ford invited Reagan to speak at the convention, where Reagan emphasized themes of individual freedom and global peace.

1980 election

Ronald Reagan became a prominent critic of President Jimmy Carter starting in 1977. The signing of the Panama Canal Treaty, the 1979 oil crisis, and a rise in interest, inflation, and unemployment rates all set the stage for his presidential campaign, which he launched on November 13, 1979. During his announcement, he criticized the federal government and laid out his core principles, which included tax cuts to boost the economy, a commitment to minimal government interference, and a robust national defense. Reagan argued that the United States needed to catch up with the Soviet Union in terms of military strength. At this time, the media often brought up Reagan’s age, and the country was experiencing a deep recession.

Reagan experienced an unexpected setback during the primaries, losing the Iowa caucus to George H. W. Bush. However, a pivotal moment occurred just three days before the New Hampshire primary. Reagan and Bush had agreed to a one-on-one debate in Nashua, New Hampshire, sponsored by The Telegraph. However, Reagan’s campaign invited additional candidates on the day of the debate, including Bob Dole, John B. Anderson, Howard Baker, and Phil Crane. The debate moderator, Jon Breen, attempted to prevent these candidates from participating, citing potential violations of federal campaign laws. Eventually, Reagan declared that since he was funding the debate, he should have the authority to decide the participants. The situation escalated when Breen directed the sound technician to mute Reagan’s microphone. In a moment of high drama, Reagan retorted, “I am paying for this microphone, Mr. Green!”⁶ This incident became a turning point in the primary race, leading to improved polling for Reagan, who then secured a significant victory in the New Hampshire primary.

The general election saw Reagan up against Carter amidst domestic challenges and the ongoing Iran hostage crisis, which began on November 4, 1979. Concerns were high in Reagan’s camp that Carter might manage to release the hostages as an October surprise. Carter tried to paint Reagan as a threat to Social Security and a proponent of war. Meanwhile, John Anderson drew some support from liberal Republicans who were wary of Reagan’s conservative stance. One of Reagan’s strengths was his ability to connect with the growing conservative movement, particularly on issues like tax reductions, abortion, and gay rights. Evangelical Protestants, a key voting bloc, generally favored Reagan, who also garnered support from so-called Reagan Democrats.

In August, during a speech at the Neshoba County Fair, Reagan affirmed his commitment to states’ rights, which some interpreted as a tactic to appeal to voters aligned with George Wallace’s views. Some saw this as part of a broader strategy to gain the support of white voters in the South. However, Reagan’s advocates argued that his remarks were simply anti-big government and not racially motivated. During the crucial debate on October 28, when Carter criticized Reagan’s stance against national health insurance, Reagan famously countered with, “There you go again,” which resonated with the audience and boosted his appeal. He further challenged the audience to consider whether they were better off than they were four years ago, echoing Franklin D. Roosevelt’s words from 1934. In a controversial twist, it was later revealed that Reagan’s campaign managers had acquired Carter’s debate preparation materials before the debates.

On Election Day, November 4, 1980, Reagan achieved a landslide victory in the Electoral College, winning 44 states and securing 489 electoral votes to Carter’s 49. He also won the popular vote by nearly 51 percent. This election resulted in the Republicans gaining control of the Senate for the first time since 1952, although the Democrats maintained control of the House of Representatives.

Presidency (1981–1989)

First inauguration

Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as the 40th president of the United States on January 20, 1981. Chief Justice Warren E. Burger administered the oath of office. Reagan’s inaugural address addressed the country’s economic challenges, famously stating, “In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem.”⁷ In a striking sequence of events, Iran announced the release of the American hostages shortly after Reagan’s inauguration, a move seen by many as a final snub to outgoing President Carter.

“Reaganomics” and the economy

Reagan was a staunch advocate of laissez-faire economics and introduced a suite of policies known as “Reaganomics.” These policies were grounded in monetarism and supply-side economics, aiming to invigorate the economy by reducing government interference and promoting private investment.

Taxation

Reagan collaborated with the boll-weevil Democrats to enact significant tax and budget legislation in a Congress dominated by figures like Tip O’Neill, a vocal critic of Reaganomics. Early in his presidency, Reagan eliminated federal oil and gasoline price controls. In August 1981, he signed the Economic Recovery Tax Act, which significantly reduced federal income tax rates and adjusted tax exemptions and brackets for inflation starting in 1985. Despite mounting federal debt concerns, Reagan approved the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, which reversed some corporate tax cuts and increased the federal cigarette tax. These actions, though controversial among some of his supporters, were defended by Reagan as necessary to maintain lower individual income tax rates. By 1983, tax burdens had decreased for most Americans, particularly benefiting those with higher incomes. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 simplified the tax code by reducing the number of tax brackets and top tax rates while nearly doubling personal exemptions.

Reagan believed the deficit would not balloon as long as economic growth stimulated by tax cuts was complemented by sufficient spending cuts. This approach, illustrated by the debated Laffer curve, posits that lower taxes lead to increased investment, consumption, and, subsequently, tax revenue. Critics dismissed this as “trickle-down economics,” a strategy purported to benefit the wealthy primarily.⁸ However, supporters like Milton Friedman and Robert Mundell credited these policies with setting the stage for the economic boom of the 1990s.

Inflation and unemployment

Reagan assumed office during a period of stagflation. The economy saw brief growth but soon fell into recession in July 1981. Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker tackled inflation with a policy of high interest rates, which curtailed economic activity and temporarily increased unemployment. By December 1982, unemployment peaked at 10.8 percent, but economic activity began recovering and continued to grow until 1990, marking the longest peacetime expansion up to that time. The recession officially ended in 1983, and Reagan reappointed Volcker to maintain confidence in the economic recovery.

Alan Greenspan succeeded Volcker in 1987 and continued to combat inflation by raising interest rates, which contributed to the Black Monday stock market crash, though the markets eventually recovered. By the end of Reagan’s term in 1989, the unemployment rate had fallen to 5.3 percent, and both inflation and interest rates had significantly decreased from their 1980 highs. However, not everyone benefited equally from the economic recovery, with increases in economic inequality and homelessness, and critics pointed out that many new jobs offered only minimum wage.

Government spending

In 1981, Ronald Reagan initiated plans to cut Social Security to ensure its solvency but retreated from these plans after facing public disapproval. To secure the future of Social Security, he established the Greenspan Commission. In 1983, he signed amendments that increased payroll taxes and the retirement age for receiving benefits. Reagan also approved the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, which reduced funding for federal assistance programs like food stamps, unemployment benefits, subsidized housing, and Aid to Families with Dependent Children, and ended the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act. Meanwhile, defense spending doubled from 1981 to 1985. During his presidency, the Defense Intelligence Agency ran Project Socrates, which, under director Michael Sekora, contributed to advancements in missile defense technology that helped the U.S. surpass Soviet capabilities.

Deregulation

Reagan’s presidency marked a significant push towards deregulating the economy. He appointed officials who supported this vision, significantly reducing federal oversight. By 1986, nearly half of the federal regulations in place in 1981 had been eliminated. The Garn-St. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982 deregulated savings and loan associations, allowing them to diversify their lending and investment activities beyond real estate. This deregulation led to riskier financial behaviors and, along with oversight failures, precipitated the savings and loan crisis, resulting in costly bailouts.

Deficits

The national deficits deepened during the economic downturn of the early 1980s, which diminished federal revenues. The national debt tripled from 1980 to 1989, with the debt-to-GDP ratio escalating from 33 percent in 1981 to 53 percent by the end of Reagan’s term. Despite his 1980 campaign pledge to balance the federal budget, Reagan was unable to achieve this goal, marking it as one of his major disappointments. The United States relied heavily on borrowing to fund the burgeoning federal budget deficits. These fiscal challenges were significant enough that Reagan’s successor, George H.W. Bush, found it necessary to increase taxes through the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990, despite previous promises not to raise taxes.

Assassination Attempt

On March 30, 1981, Ronald Reagan was seriously injured in an assassination attempt by John Hinckley Jr. outside the Washington Hilton. The incident also injured James Brady, Thomas Delahanty, and Tim McCarthy. Reagan was critically wounded, arriving at George Washington University Hospital with a broken rib, a punctured lung, and internal bleeding, yet he recovered rapidly after surgery. The assassination attempt significantly strengthened Reagan’s bond with the American people, a connection that Professor J. David Woodard noted remained strong throughout his presidency. Reagan himself later reflected that he believed God had spared his life for a particular purpose.

Supreme Court Appointments

Ronald Reagan significantly contributed to the composition of the U.S. Supreme Court during his presidency. He appointed three Associate Justices: Sandra Day O’Connor in 1981, making good on his campaign promise to appoint the first woman to the Court, Antonin Scalia in 1986, and Anthony Kennedy in 1988. Additionally, Reagan elevated William Rehnquist from Associate Justice to Chief Justice in 1986. These appointments were pivotal in shifting the Court in a more conservative direction.

Public Sector Labor Union Fights

Reagan addressed the nation about a strike by the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) in August 1981, which was illegal under federal law. He issued an injunction that controllers must return to work within 48 hours or be fired. When 38 percent of the controllers remained on strike, Reagan dismissed about 12,000 on August 13. He managed the ensuing disruption in air traffic by employing military controllers and supervisors until new civilian controllers could be recruited and trained. The resolution of the PATCO strike had a demoralizing effect on organized labor, leading to a significant decrease in strikes during the 1980s. Under Reagan’s administration, there was also a notable reduction in the unionized workforce, from about one-fourth to one-sixth of all workers.

Civil Rights

Despite earlier opposition to the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Reagan signed an extension of the act for 25 years in 1982. He initially resisted the creation of Martin Luther King Jr. Day and made critical remarks about King, but he ultimately signed the bill establishing the holiday in 1983 after Congress overwhelmingly passed it. In 1984, he signed measures to impose fines for violations of fair housing laws. However, in March 1988, Reagan vetoed the Civil Rights Restoration Act, claiming it overextended federal power, though Congress overrode his veto. His presidency saw challenges in civil rights, including his appointment of Clarence M. Pendleton Jr., a critic of affirmative action, as chair of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. Pendleton and subsequent appointees under Reagan were seen as detrimental to enforcing civil rights laws. In 1987, Reagan’s attempt to appoint Robert Bork to the Supreme Court was unsuccessful; Bork’s views aligned with Reagan’s conservative stance on civil rights. Reagan’s administration also witnessed a decline in fair housing case filings compared to previous administrations.

War on Drugs

In 1982, Ronald Reagan escalated the war on drugs in response to the growing crack epidemic. Although drugs were not initially a major concern for the American public, the FBI, Drug Enforcement Administration, and the United States Department of Defense substantially increased their anti-drug budgets. The campaign gained wider public attention in 1985 when the crack crisis intensified. Reagan signed the Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988, establishing stringent penalties for drug offenses. These acts have been criticized over time for contributing to racial disparities in sentencing. Nancy Reagan also launched the “Just Say No” campaign, aimed at discouraging drug use and increasing awareness of drug dangers. A 1988 study indicated a decrease in drug use among high school seniors, from 53 percent in 1980 to 39 percent, although the effectiveness of such campaigns remains debatable.

Escalation of the Cold War

Reagan significantly increased defense spending and revived several military programs, including the B-1 Lancer and the MX missile deployment, in response to Soviet military advancements like the SS-20 missile. His efforts to disrupt the Soviet economy included attempts to block a Soviet gas pipeline to Western Europe, which initially strained relations with European allies. In March 1983, he announced the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a defense project aimed at protecting the United States from nuclear ballistic missiles from space, which critics nicknamed “Star Wars” due to doubts about its feasibility.

Reagan’s assertive rhetoric against the Soviet Union was evident in his 1982 speech to the British Parliament, where he predicted the downfall of Marxism-Leninism, a statement that Margaret Thatcher celebrated as a triumph. This period also saw tensions escalate dramatically when Korean Air Lines Flight 007, carrying Americans, was shot down by the Soviets in 1983, prompting strong condemnation from Reagan. Despite this, his administration continued strategic arms reduction talks with the Soviet Union.

Reagan’s foreign policy included the controversial Reagan Doctrine, under which the U.S. supported anti-communist movements worldwide. This approach contributed to the end of Soviet involvement in Afghanistan but also led to unintended consequences, such as the rise of the Taliban. His administration’s support for certain regimes and movements, despite their human rights violations, drew significant criticism, highlighting the complex legacy of Reagan’s strategies during the Cold War.

Invasion of Grenada

On October 19, 1983, following the overthrow and murder of Maurice Bishop by a colleague, Ronald Reagan ordered U.S. forces to invade Grenada. He justified the invasion by citing the Soviet and Cuban military presence in the Caribbean and the need to ensure the safety of American medical students at St. George’s University. The operation lasted two days and ended in an American victory. While the invasion was supported domestically, it faced international criticism, leading to a censure by the United Nations General Assembly. The event played a significant role in the U.S. political landscape, especially overshadowing the Beirut barracks bombings during Reagan’s 1984 presidential campaign, which resulted in the deaths of 241 Americans.

1984 Election

Ronald Reagan officially began his reelection campaign on January 29, 1984, with a message of renewed American strength. In February, he strategically withdrew from the unpopular military involvement in Lebanon, enhancing his political standing. Facing minimal opposition in the Republican primaries, Reagan and his vice president, George H.W. Bush, were nominated at the convention in Dallas in August. The campaign’s optimistic “Morning in America” commercial highlighted the country’s economic recovery. Reagan’s opponent, former Vice President Walter Mondale, criticized Reagan’s policies on taxes, the Strategic Defense Initiative, and civil rights but was branded by Reagan as a “tax-and-spend Democrat.”⁹

Reagan’s age became a talking point after a shaky performance in the first presidential debate, where he struggled with details. However, his humorous dismissal of the age issue in the second debate—”I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent’s youth and inexperience”—won widespread acclaim, even eliciting laughter from Mondale.¹⁰ This moment was pivotal, convincing many that Reagan’s age was not a detriment. Reagan went on to achieve a resounding reelection victory in November, capturing 59 percent of the popular vote and 525 electoral votes across 49 states, while Mondale secured 41 percent of the popular vote and 13 electoral votes from Minnesota and the District of Columbia.

Response to the AIDS Epidemic

The AIDS epidemic emerged as a major health crisis beginning in 1981, confounding both the medical community and the public with its complexities. Initially, President Reagan perceived AIDS simplistically, likening it to a transient illness. The death of his friend Rock Hudson in October 1985 prompted Reagan to seek more comprehensive information about the disease. However, from September 18, 1985, to February 4, 1986, he did not publicly address the issue.

In 1986, Reagan tasked Surgeon General C. Everett Koop with preparing a report on AIDS, which recommended sex education and condom use in schools. This stance provoked dissent among evangelical conservatives within the administration. Reagan’s first public speech on AIDS came in 1987, by which time over 36,000 Americans had been diagnosed and approximately 20,849 had died. His proposals included increased testing, such as routine checks for marriage license applicants and mandatory testing for certain groups like federal prisoners. Despite these steps, Reagan’s engagement with the AIDS crisis remained minimal.

Critics, including scholars and AIDS activists, have accused the Reagan administration of largely neglecting the AIDS crisis. Journalists Randy Shilts and Michael Bronski pointed out that AIDS research was severely underfunded, and requests for additional funding were often rejected. Although Reagan declared government AIDS research a “top priority” in a September 1985 press conference, he cited budgetary constraints as a limitation. Ultimately, federal spending on AIDS from 1984 to 1989 totaled $5.6 billion, significantly influenced by pressure from congressional Democrats who advocated for more funding than the $2.8 billion initially proposed by the Reagan administration.

Addressing Apartheid

During Reagan’s presidency, opposition to apartheid in South Africa intensified, particularly among college students and mainline Protestant denominations. Despite growing calls for disinvestment, Reagan expressed opposition to divestiture, arguing in a letter to Sammy Davis Jr. that it would harm those it aimed to help and diminish U.S. influence in South Africa. He highlighted the employment of over 80,000 black workers by American companies in South Africa, noting their non-conformity to the typical South African employment practices.

The Reagan administration pursued a policy of “constructive engagement” with the South African government, aiming to encourage a gradual end to apartheid and the dismantlement of its nuclear weapons program. This approach was part of a broader strategy to promote peaceful economic and political transformation in southern Africa. However, this policy faced significant criticism for its perceived leniency, leading to public demands for stronger sanctions. In late 1985, Reagan announced new sanctions against South Africa, including an arms embargo, but these measures were criticized as inadequate. In 1986, Congress passed the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act, imposing tougher sanctions, overriding Reagan’s veto. Despite his continued opposition to apartheid, Reagan remained uncertain about the most effective means to combat it. This period also saw similar sanctions imposed by several European countries and Japan, reflecting a global shift towards more assertive actions against the South African regime.

Libya Bombing

Tensions between Libya and the United States escalated following the bombing of a West Berlin discotheque on April 5, 1986, which resulted in the death of an American soldier and injuries to several others. President Reagan, citing undeniable proof of Libya’s involvement, authorized airstrikes against the country. On April 14, the U.S. launched targeted strikes on Libyan soil. Under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, the UK permitted the U.S. Air Force to utilize British air bases for the attack, asserting that it was in defense of America’s right under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. Reagan aimed to diminish Muammar Gaddafi’s capacity for exporting terrorism and to motivate a change in his behavior. However, the global community essentially condemned the operation, and the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution denouncing the airstrikes as a violation of international law and the UN Charter.

Iran–Contra Affair

The Iran–Contra affair was a profound scandal during Reagan’s presidency involving covert activities and foreign policy missteps. Reagan had permitted William J. Casey to support the Contras in Nicaragua to counter Communist influences despite congressional restrictions embodied in the 1982 Boland Amendment, which forbade such aid. The administration sought alternative funding sources, including private donors and foreign governments. The situation escalated when the CIA clandestinely mined Nicaraguan harbors, prompting Congress to enact a second Boland Amendment that further restricted aid to the Contras.

The controversy deepened with the revelation that the Reagan administration had secretly sold arms to Iran, then embroiled in the Iran–Iraq War, to secure the release of American hostages held by Hezbollah in Lebanon. Despite initial successes in freeing four hostages, the scheme resulted in more Americans being captured. The proceeds from the arms sales were illicitly diverted to support the Contras, a maneuver orchestrated by Oliver North. The scandal was publicly exposed in November 1986 by the Lebanese magazine Ash-Shiraa.

Reagan initially denied involvement but later acknowledged the situation, leading to the resignations of John Poindexter and Oliver North. He established the Tower Commission to investigate, and a special prosecutor was appointed for an independent inquiry. The Tower Commission’s report in February 1987 confirmed the arms-for-hostages deal and implicated several administration officials in covering up the scandal. While investigators found no direct evidence that Reagan was aware of the specifics of the Contra support, the report criticized his oversight and his passive role in the concealment efforts. The Iran-Contra affair severely damaged the Reagan administration’s credibility, both domestically and internationally, casting a long shadow over its foreign policy legacy.

Soviet Decline and Thaw in Relations

The Soviet Union did not increase its military spending in response to Reagan’s defense buildup, but it faced considerable economic strain due to its substantial military expenses, inefficient agricultural and manufacturing policies, and the sharp decline in oil prices in 1985, a critical source of revenue. These challenges contributed to economic stagnation under Mikhail Gorbachev’s leadership.

Reagan’s approach to Soviet relations oscillated between confrontation and collaboration. He recognized and supported Gorbachev’s significant policy shifts, moving towards diplomacy to foster major arms agreements. From 1985 to 1988, they convened four summit conferences, where Reagan aimed to encourage democratic reforms and free speech in the Soviet Union, believing these changes would ultimately lead to the collapse of communism.

Peace is not absence of conflict, it is the ability to handle conflict by peaceful means.

Ronald Reagan

A pivotal moment occurred at the Reykjavík Summit in 1986 when both leaders nearly agreed to eliminate all nuclear weapons. However, the deal faltered when Gorbachev demanded that the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) research be limited to laboratories for a decade, a condition Reagan rejected. Reagan maintained that the SDI was purely defensive and offered to share its benefits.

In June 1987, Reagan famously challenged Gorbachev at the Berlin Wall, proclaiming, “Tear down this wall!” Although initially overlooked, this demand gained iconic status after the Berlin Wall’s fall in November 1989. Later, at the Washington Summit in December, Reagan and Gorbachev signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, which mandated the elimination of their short and medium-range missiles and established a strict inspection regime to ensure compliance. This treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate in May 1988, significantly restoring Reagan’s domestic standing following the Iran-Contra affair. The agreement began a new era of increased trade and cooperation, with both nations working together on global challenges like the Iran-Iraq War.

Post-presidency (1989–2004)

After leaving the presidency on January 20, 1989, Ronald Reagan, at 77 years old, became the oldest president at the end of his term, surpassing Dwight D. Eisenhower, who left office at 70. This record will eventually pass to incumbent president Joe Biden, currently 81 years old.

In retirement, Ronald and Nancy Reagan resided at 668 St. Cloud Road in Bel Air and at Rancho del Cielo in Santa Barbara. Reagan received multiple awards and honors during this period and commanded high fees for speaking engagements. He also advocated for the repeal of the Twenty-second Amendment, which limits presidential terms. In 1991, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library was inaugurated. Reagan spoke at the 1992 Republican National Convention to bolster party loyalty and supported a constitutional amendment for a balanced budget.

Support for Brady Bill

Ronald Reagan publicly supported the Brady Bill, which proposed mandatory background checks and waiting periods for gun purchases. In 1989, shortly after a tragic mass shooting in Stockton, California, he expressed support for gun ownership rights for hunting and home defense but opposed the availability of military-style weapons like the AK-47 for civilian use. In 1991, he wrote an op-ed in the New York Times endorsing the Brady Bill. In 1994, along with former Presidents Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter, Reagan urged House members to back the Federal Assault Weapons Ban.

Alzheimer’s Disease

Ronald Reagan’s last public speech was in February 1994, and his final major public appearance was at Richard Nixon’s funeral in April 1994. He was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease in August 1994, which he publicly disclosed later that year in a handwritten letter. There was some debate over when symptoms first appeared, with professional assessments suggesting early signs emerged around 1992 or 1993. As the illness progressed, he gradually lost recognition of most people except his wife, Nancy. Reagan’s public engagements diminished, and he spent his later years in semi-isolation, eventually losing the ability to speak and recognize family members by the end of 2003.

Death and Funeral

Ronald Reagan passed away on June 5, 2004, from pneumonia complicated by Alzheimer’s disease at his home in Los Angeles. His death was marked by national mourning. President George W. Bush described it as “a sad hour in the life of America.” Reagan’s state funeral was held at the Washington National Cathedral, attended by global dignitaries including Mikhail Gorbachev and Lech Wałęsa, with eulogies delivered by Margaret Thatcher, Brian Mulroney, and both Presidents Bush. Reagan was laid to rest at his presidential library, leaving a lasting legacy on the American political landscape and beyond.

Legacy

Historical Reputation

In 2008, British historian M. J. Heale summarized the consensus among scholars that Ronald Reagan reinvigorated conservatism, shifted American politics rightward, and balanced ideology with the practicalities of governance. He restored confidence in the presidency and American self-respect, playing a key role in the Cold War’s conclusion with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Both conservative and liberal scholars acknowledge Reagan as one of the most influential presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt, impacting American politics, diplomacy, culture, and economics through his adept communication and willingness to compromise. Initially ranked in the mid-twenties, Reagan’s presidency climbed into the top ten in historical rankings during the 2000s and 2010s.

Proponents credit his defense, economic, and military policies, his firm stance against the Soviet Union, and his effective summits with Gorbachev for ending the Cold War. Although Jeffrey Knopf suggests Reagan’s labeling of the USSR as “evil” had a limited impact on Soviet leaders, it likely inspired citizens in Eastern Europe to oppose communist rule. While Truman’s containment policy and the Soviet-Afghan invasion played roles, Melvyn P. Leffler describes Reagan as an “indispensable partner” to Gorbachev in precipitating unforeseen dramatic changes.¹¹

Critics like Paul Krugman argue that Reagan’s presidency marked the beginning of significant income inequality, dubbing this period the “Great Divergence.” Krugman asserts that Reagan set the stage for the current Republican ideology focused on dismantling progressive 20th-century achievements in income equality and labor rights. Peter G. Peterson critiques Reagan’s fiscal policies as irresponsible, initiating a long-term Republican focus on tax cuts leading to persistent deficits and economic challenges.

Reagan was renowned for his storytelling, humor, and emphasis on family values, even as the first divorced president. He effectively used these personal qualities to relate to and comfort Americans, notably during crises like the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. His clear and relatable communication style earned him the nickname “The Great Communicator,” and he was often called the “Teflon President” due to his ability to remain popular despite various controversies.¹²

Political Influence

Reagan fundamentally reshaped the Republican Party, cementing conservatism as its prevailing ideology and marginalizing its liberal and moderate factions. His presidency saw a shift in voter patterns, with men becoming more Republican and women more Democratic—a trend that has persisted. Despite attempts to attract African American voters, Reagan received minimal support from this demographic. His administration saw Republicans unable to secure complete control of Congress.

The “Reagan Revolution” and its enduring impact on American domestic and foreign policy define the “Reagan Era.” Subsequent administrations, including those of George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush, are often considered extensions of this era. Reagan’s policies and ideals remain a touchstone for Republican candidates, illustrating his lasting influence on American politics.

Final Reflections

In reviewing Ronald Reagan’s biography, it’s clear his life story is one of both achievements and setbacks. His presidency left a lasting impact on the global political landscape and American society. Though not without controversy, Reagan’s ability to steer the nation through economic recovery and navigate complex international relationships cements his reputation as a key figure in 20th-century history, making his success story significant and multifaceted.

Reference List for Ronald Reagan’s Biography

1. Cannon, Lou. Ronald Reagan: The Presidential Portfolio: A History Illustrated from the Collection of the Ronald Reagan Library and Museum. PublicAffairs, 2001, pp. 13–15. ↩︎
2. Woodard, J. David. Ronald Reagan: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2012, pp. 25–26. ↩︎
3. Yager, Edward. Ronald Reagan’s Journey: Democrat to Republican. Rowman & Littlefield, 2006, pp. 12–13. ↩︎
4. Woodard, J. David. Ronald Reagan: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2012, p. 55. ↩︎
5. Putnam, Jackson. “Governor Reagan: A Reappraisal.” California History, vol. 83, no. 4, 2006, p. 26. ↩︎
6. “President Ronald Reagan’s Address to the Nation on Defense and National Security.” YouTube, uploaded by Reagan Library, 23 Mar. 2016 ↩︎
7. Woodard, J. David. Ronald Reagan: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2012, pp. 116–117. ↩︎
8. Cannon, Lou. President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime. PublicAffairs, 2000 [1991], p. 222. ↩︎
9. Pemberton, William. Exit With Honor: The Life and Presidency of Ronald Reagan. M. E. Sharpe, 1998 [1997], pp. 141–142. ↩︎
10. Pemberton, William. Exit With Honor: The Life and Presidency of Ronald Reagan. M. E. Sharpe, 1998 [1997], pp. 142–143. ↩︎
11. Leffler, Melvyn P. “Ronald Reagan and the Cold War.” The Reagan Moment: America and the World in the 1980s, edited by Jonathan R. Hunt and Simon Miles, Cornell University Press, 2021, p. 37. ↩︎
12. Pemberton, William. Exit With Honor: The Life and Presidency of Ronald Reagan. M. E. Sharpe, 1998 [1997], p. 112. ↩︎

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